This article examines the response of a Non-Governmental Organisation (GOTG) to the 2008 xenophobic attacks and more broadly reflects on the role of NGOs in confronting xenophobia in South Africa and in conflict situations more broadly. NGO responses to emergencies transcend the nation-state in many instances and they need to be sophisticated in their operations as they are required to deal with donors, governments, and ordinary people, as well as protagonists. This study is based on interviews with key officials of GOTG, visits to refugee camps, and an analysis of publicity documents, media releases and newspaper articles on GOTG. While state institutions must take primary responsibility for counteracting.....